Picture Coding Apparatus and Picture Decoding Apparatus

ABSTRACT

A picture coding apparatus ( 10 ) which generates a stream so as to be able to decode a picture by obtaining a picture parameter set necessary for decoding the picture even at the time of trick-play, the apparatus including: a slice coding unit ( 11 ) which codes the picture and generates coded data; a picture parameter set (PPS) generation unit ( 13 ) which generates sequence parameter set (SPS); a PPS generation unit ( 16 ) which generates the PPS; and an access unit (AU) determination unit  17  which stores pieces of coded data respectively into access units of a random access unit (RAU) and stores the SPS into a first AU, and stores the PPS into the first AU or into the AU in which one piece of the coded data that refers to the PPS is stored.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a picture coding apparatus which codesa moving picture on a picture-by-picture basis and to a picture decodingapparatus which decodes the coded moving picture coded by the picturecoding apparatus, in particular to a picture coding apparatus andpicture decoding apparatus corresponding to a trick-play such ashigh-speed playback (variable-speed playback).

BACKGROUND ART

In the age of multimedia which integrally handles audio, video and otherpixel values, existing information media, specifically, newspaper,magazine, television, radio, telephone and the like through whichinformation is conveyed to people, have recently come to be included inthe scope of multimedia. Generally, multimedia refers to something thatis represented by associating not only characters, but also graphics,sound, and especially images and the like, together, but in order toinclude the aforementioned existing information media in the scope ofmultimedia, it becomes a prerequisite to represent such information in adigital form.

However, if the amount of information carried by each of the mentionedinformation media is estimated as the amount of digital information,while the amount of information for 1 character in the case of text is 1to 2 bytes, the amount of information required for sound is 64 Kbits persecond (telephone quality), and 100 Mbits or over per second becomesnecessary for moving pictures (current television receiving quality), itis not realistic for the information media to handle such an enormousamount of information as it is in digital form. For example, althoughvideo phones are already in the actual use via Integrated ServicesDigital Network (ISDN) which offers a transmission speed of 64 Kbit/s to1.5 Mbit/s, it is impossible to transmit images on televisions andimages taken by cameras directly through ISDN.

Accordingly, information compression techniques have become required,and for example, in the case of the video phone, the H.261 and H.263standards for moving picture compression technology, internationallystandardized by the International TelecommunicationUnion—Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T), are beingemployed. Moreover, with MPEG-1 standard information compressiontechniques, it has also become possible to store video information ontogeneral music compact discs (CD) together with audio information.

Here, Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) is an international standardfor moving picture signal compression standardized by InternationalOrganization for Standardization and International ElectrotechnicalCommission (ISO/IEC). The MPEG-1 is a standard for compressing movingpicture signals up to 1.5 Mbps, in other words, compressing televisionsignals up to approximately a hundredth part. Moreover, since targetpicture quality within the scope of the MPEG-1 standard is limited to amedium degree of quality which can be realized by a transmission speedof primarily about 1.5 Mbps, the use of MPEG-2, which was standardizedto satisfy demands for further improved picture quality, realizestelevision broadcasting quality with moving picture signals compressedto 2 to 15 Mbps. Furthermore, currently, MPEG-4, which has exceededMPEG-1 and MPEG-2 compression ratios, and also enables coding, decodingand operating on a per-object base, and realizes the new functionsrequired for the multimedia age, has been standardized by the work group(ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11) that has promoted the standardization of MPEG-1and MPEG-2. The MPEG-4 was initially aimed at standardizing a low bitrate coding method. However, currently, this has been expanded to thestandardization of a more versatile coding method further including highbit rate coding for interlaced pictures. After that, MPEG-4 AdvancedVideo Coding (AVC) is standardized as a next generation picture codingmethod with higher compression ratio by a cooperation of ISO/IEC andITU-T. It is prospected to be used for next generation optical discrelated devices or for a broadcast directed to cell phone terminals.

Generally, in coding of a moving picture, the amount of information iscompressed by reducing redundancy in temporal and spatial directions.Accordingly, in an inter-picture prediction coding which aims atreducing the temporal redundancy, a motion estimation and a generationof a predictive picture are performed on a block-by-block basis byreferring to a preceding or following picture, and a difference valuebetween the obtained predictive picture and a picture to be coded iscoded. Here, a picture indicates a screen: it indicates a frame in aprogressive picture; and it indicates a frame or a field in aninterlaced picture. Here, the interlaced picture is a picture whoseframe is made up of two fields which differ temporally each other. In acoding and decoding of the interlaced picture, it is allowed to processone frame as a frame, to process it as two fields, or to process it as aframe structure or as a field structure on a block-by-block basis in theframe.

An I picture is a picture that is inter-picture prediction coded withoutreferring to a reference picture. Also, a P picture is a picture that isinter-picture prediction coded by only referring to one picture.Further, a B picture is a picture that can be inter-picture predictioncoded by referring to two pictures at the same time. The B picture canrefer to two pictures as a pair of any pictures which are displayedbefore or after the B picture. A reference picture can be specified foreach block which is a basic unit for coding and decoding. The referencepicture which is precedently described in a coded bit stream isdistinguished as a first reference picture with the reference picturewhich is subsequently described as a second reference picture. Notethat, as a condition for coding and decoding these pictures, it isnecessary that a picture to be referenced has already been coded anddecoded.

FIG. 1 is a drawing showing a structure of a stream of the conventionalMPEG-2. As shown in FIG. 1, the stream of the MPEG-2 has a hierarchicalstructure as described in the following. The stream is made up of morethan one Groups of Pictures (GOP), and an editing and random accessingof a moving picture are allowed by using the stream as a basic unit forcoding. Each GOP is made up of more than one picture. Each picture isone of an I picture, a P picture or a B picture. Each stream, GOP andpicture is further made up of synchronous code (sync) which indicates abreakpoint of each unit and a header which is common data in the unit.

FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B are drawings showing an example of a predictivestructure among pictures used in MPEG-2.

In the drawings, pictures shown as diagonally shaded area are picturesto be referenced by other pictures. As shown in FIG. 2A, in MPEG-2, Ppicture (P0, P6, P9, P12, P15) can be prediction coded by referring toan I picture or P picture that is displayed immediately before said Ppicture. Further, B picture (B1, B2, B4, B5, B7, B8, B10, B11, B13, B14,B16, B17, B19, B20) can be prediction coded by referring to an I pictureor P picture that is displayed prior to and following to said B pictureFurthermore, arranging order in a stream has been determined as follows:the I pictures and P pictures are arranged in displaying order; and eachof the B pictures is arranged immediately after an I picture or Ppicture that is displayed immediately after said B picture. As a GOPstructure, for example, as shown in FIG. 2B, pictures from I3 to B14 canbe included in one GOP.

FIG. 3 is a drawing showing a structure of a stream of MPEG-4 AVC. InMPEG-4 AVC, there is no concept equivalent to the GOP. However, byseparating data into special picture units by which each picture isdecoded without depending on other pictures, it is possible to constructa unit which can be randomly accessed and is equivalent to the GOP. Suchseparated units are called random access units (RAU).

Next, it is explained about the access unit (hereafter referred to asAU) which is a basic unit for dealing with a stream. An AU is a unitused for storing coded data in one picture, including parameter sets(PS) and slice data. The parameter sets (PS) are divided into a pictureparameter set (hereafter simply referred to as PPS) which is datacorresponding to a header of each picture and a sequence parameter set(hereafter simply referred to as SPS) which is corresponding to a headerof a unit of GOP in MPEG-2 and higher. Note that the PPS and SPS areinitialization information necessary for initializing respectivedecoding.

The SPS includes a profile, a maximum number of pictures available forreference and a picture size and so on as common reference informationfor decoding all coded pictures in the random access unit (RAU). The PPSincludes, for each coded picture in the random access unit (RAU), a typeof a variable length coding method, an initial value of quantizationstep and a number of reference pictures and so on as referenceinformation for decoding the picture. Further, the SPS and PPS caninclude a quantization matrix so that the PPS can be overwritten withthe quantization matrix set in the SPS if necessary. An identifier foridentifying which one of the PPS and SPS to refer is added to eachpicture. Also, slice data includes a frame number FN which is anidentification number for identifying a picture. Here, the PPS to bereferenced by each picture can be updated on a picture-by-picture basis,while the SPS can be updated only in the IDR picture that is explainedlater.

For the I pictures of MPEG-4 AVC, there are two types of the I pictures:an Instantaneous Decoder Refresh (IDR) picture; and an I picture whichis not the IDR picture. The IDR picture is an I picture which can bedecoded without referring to a picture preceding to the IDR picture indecoding order, and is equivalent to a leading I picture of a closed GOPof MPEG-2. For the I picture which is not the IDR picture, a picturewhich follows said I picture in decoding order may refer to a picturewhich is preceding to said I picture in decoding order. A structure suchas an open GOP of MPEG-2 can be constructed by positioning the I picturethat is not an IDR picture in a first access unit of the random accessunit RAU and restricting a predictive structure of pictures in therandom access unit RAU.

The AU of MPEG-4 AVC can include, in addition to data necessary fordecoding a picture, supplemental information called SupplementalEnhancement Information (SEI) which is unnecessary for decoding apicture, boundary information of AU and the like. The data such asparameter set, slice data and SEI are all stored in a NetworkAbstraction Layer (NAL) unit (NALU). The NAL unit is made up of a headerand a payload, and the header includes a field which indicates a type ofdata stored in the payload (hereafter referred to as NAL unit type). Thevalue of the NAL unit type is defined for each type of data such as aslice and SEI. By referring to the NAL unit type, the type of datastored in the NAL unit can be specified.

The NAL unit of SEI can store one or more SEI messages. The SEI messageis also made up of a header and a payload and a type of informationstored in the payload is identified by a type of SEI message indicatedin the header.

The first AU located at a head of the random access unit RAU includes aNAL unit of the SPS referenced by all AUs of the random access unit RAUand a NAL unit of the PPS referenced by the first AU. Further, the NALunit of the PPS necessary for decoding each AU of the random access unitRAU is guaranteed to include an AU prior to the current AU, in decodingorder, in the current AU or in the random access unit RAU.

Here, there is no information for identifying a NAL unit boundary in aNAL unit so that boundary information can be added to a header of eachNAL unit. When a stream of MPEG-4 AVC is used in a MPEG-2 TransportStream (TS) and a Program Stream (PS), a start code prefix indicated in3 bytes of 0x000001 is added to the header of the NAL unit. Further, inthe MPEG-2 TS and PS, it is determined that a NAL unit called AccessUnit Delimiter should be inserted into the header of the AU, which showsan AU boundary.

Various conventional techniques relating to such video coding anddecoding have been proposed (e.g. refer to Japanese Laid-Open PatentPublication No. 2003-18549). FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing a picturecoding apparatus which realizes a conventional picture coding method.

A picture coding apparatus 191 compresses and codes inputted videopicture data Vin, and outputs an AVC stream st that is a coded stream ofthe MPEG-4 AVC. It includes a slice coding unit 11, a memory 12, an SPSgeneration unit 13, a new PPS judgement unit 14, a PPS generation unit16 and an AU determination unit 17.

The video data Vin is inputted to the slice coding unit 11. The slicecoding unit 11 codes slice data for one AU, stores slice data Sin thatis the result of coding into the memory 12, and outputs SPS informationSPSin necessary for decoding the picture to the SPS generation unit 13,while outputting PPS information PPSin necessary for decoding the AU tothe new PPS judgement unit 14.

The SPS generation unit 13 generates a SPS based on the SPS informationSPSin, and outputs SPSnal including the SPS to the AU determination unit17.

The new PPS judgement unit 14 holds the PPS information PPSin for eachAU in an order starting from the first AU in the random access unit RAU,compares the inputted PPS information PPSin with the held PPSinformation PPSin. When the inputted PPS information PPSin is new, a newPPS flag fig which indicates that the inputted PPS information PPSin isnew to 1, and outputs the PPS information PPSin to the PPS generationunit 16 as PPS information PPSout. On the other hand, when the inputtedPPS information PPSin is included in the held PPS information PPSin, thenew PPS judgement unit 14 sets the new PPS flag to 0.

The PPS generation unit 16 generates a PPS based on the inputted PPSinformation PPSout when the new PPS flag is 1, and outputs the dataPPSnal including the PPS to the AU determination unit 17.

The AU determination unit 17 generates NAL units of the SPS and PPSrespectively based on the data SPSnal and data PPSnal, and generates aNAL unit of slice data by obtaining the slice data Snal from the memory12. The AU determination unit 17 then determines AU data by arrangingthe generated NAL units in a predetermined order, constructs an AVCstream st, and outputs the AVC stream st.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart showing an operation of the picture codingapparatus 191. In step S101, the picture coding apparatus 101 codesslice data for one picture, and generates a SPS in step S102. Here, thegeneration of the SPS may be performed only in the first AU of therandom access unit RAU. Following that, the picture coding apparatus 191judges whether or not the PPS information (PPS) of the AU is new in therandom access unit RAU in the step S103. If the PPS information is new(Yes in step S111), the picture coding apparatus 191 determines to storethe PPS into an AU, and the operation moves on to step S106 from stepS111. If the PPS information is not new (No in step S111), the operationmoves on to step S107. In step S106, the picture coding apparatus 191generates the PPS. In step S107, when it is judged that the PPSinformation is new and the PPS is stored into the AU in step S111, thepicture coding apparatus 191 includes the PPS generated in step S106 inthe AU, generates data for one AU, and outputs the generated data.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram showing a picture decoding apparatus whichrealizes a conventional picture decoding method.

The picture decoding apparatus 291 separates and decodes an AU from theinputted AVC stream st, and outputs decoded data Dout which is a decodedpicture. It includes an AU boundary detection unit 22, a PPS obtainmentunit 23, a PPS memory 24, a decoding information obtainment unit 25 anda decoding unit 26.

The AU boundary detection unit 22 detects a boundary of an AU andseparates the AU data. When a NAL unit of the PPS is included in the AUdata, it outputs the NAL unit of the PPS PPSnal to the PPS obtainmentunit 23, and outputs other NAL units Dnal to the decoding informationobtainment unit 25.

The PPS obtainment unit 23 analyzes a NAL unit PPSnal, and let the PPSmemory 24 hold the analysis result as analysis result signal PPSst. Thedecoding information obtainment unit 25 analyzes the NAL unit Dnal, andobtains SPS, slice data and the like, while obtaining data PPSrefincluding the PPS referenced by the AU from the PPS memory 24, andoutputs the slice data and the SPS and PPS necessary for decoding theslice data to the decoding unit 26 as pre-decoded data Din.

The decoding unit 26 decodes the slice data based on the pre-decodeddata Din, and outputs the decoded data Dout.

By the way, the random access unit RAU is a data structure whichindicates that decoding can be performed from the first AU, andnecessary for realizing trick-play such as jump-in playback,variable-speed playback and reverse playback or for realizing skipplayback on a random access unit-by-unit basis in a storing devicehaving an optical disc and a hard disc.

However, in a random access unit RAU in a stream of the conventionalMPEG-4 AVC, a PPS necessary for decoding an AU had not been able to beobtained in the case where high-speed playback is performed byselecting, decoding and displaying a specific AU such as an AU of an Ipicture or a P picture.

FIG. 7A and FIG. 7B show a structural example of a random access unitRAU.

As shown in FIG. 7A, the random access unit RAU is made up of fifteenAUs from AU 1 to AU 15. At the time of high-speed playback, five AUs ofAU1, AU4, AU7, AU10 and AU13 are decoded and displayed. Here, the AU1 toAU8 refer to PPS#1 as a PPS, and the AU9 to AU15 refer to PPS#2. ThePPS#1 and PPS#2 are respectively stored in AU1 and AU9. Herein, as shownin FIG. 7B, the AU to be decoded at the time of high-speed playback doesnot include AU9 and the PPS#2 cannot be obtained at the time ofhigh-speed playback so that AU10 and AU13 cannot be decoded.

Thus, when an AU in the random access unit RAU is selectively decodedand displayed, the necessary PPS cannot be obtained if onlypredetermined AU is decoded as in MPEG-2. Therefore, there is a problemthat all AUs in the random access unit RAU need to be analyzed in orderto obtain the PPS.

In order to solve the problem, an object of the present invention is toprovide a picture coding apparatus which generates a stream so as todecode a picture by obtaining an appropriate picture parameter setnecessary for the decoding, and a picture decoding apparatus whichdecodes the generated stream.

DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION

In order to achieve the above objective, a picture coding apparatusaccording to the present invention is a picture coding apparatus whichcodes pictures on a picture-by-picture basis, and generates a randomaccess unit as a part of a stream, the random access unit including thecoded pictures, said apparatus comprising: a coding unit operable togenerate pieces of coded picture data by coding the pictures on apicture-by-picture basis; a first information generation unit operableto generate sequence parameter set information that is a parameter groupto be referenced for decoding all the pieces of the coded picture data;a second information generation unit operable to generate pieces ofpicture parameter set information, each of which is a parameter group tobe referenced for decoding each piece of the coded picture data; a firststorage unit operable to store the pieces of the coded picture datarespectively into access units that constitute the random access unit; asecond storage unit operable to store the sequence parameter setinformation into a first access unit that is located at a head of therandom access unit; and a third storage unit operable to store eachpiece of the picture parameter set information into the first accessunit of the random access unit or into an access unit in which a pieceof the coded picture data that refers to the piece of the pictureparameter set information is stored. For example, said third storageunit i) stores the pieces of the picture parameter set information intothe first access unit, and in the case where a piece of the pictureparameter set information that is identical to one of the pieces of thepicture parameter set information generated by the second informationgeneration unit is not stored in the first access unit, ii) stores thepiece of the picture parameter set information into the access unit inwhich the piece of the coded picture data that refers to the piece ofthe picture parameter set information is stored.

Accordingly, in the random access unit generated as a part of a stream,picture parameter set information (PPS) necessary for decoding eachpiece of the coded picture data is stored in a first access unit (AU) ofthe random access unit or in an access unit in which the piece of thecoded picture data is stored. Therefore, even in the case wheretrick-play is performed as at least a piece of the coded picture datastored in the first access unit out of the all pieces of the codedpicture data in the random access unit is selected and played back, apiece of the picture parameter set information necessary for decodingthe selected piece of the picture can be obtained appropriately andpromptly without failing to do so. As the result, the trick-play can besmoothly performed.

Further, a picture decoding apparatus according to the present inventionis a picture decoding apparatus which obtains, from a stream, a randomaccess unit including coded pictures, each of which is stored in arespective access unit as a piece of coded picture data, and decodes thepieces of the coded picture data on a picture-by-picture basis, saidapparatus comprising: a picture specification unit operable to specify apart of the pieces of the coded picture data to be decoded from thepieces of the coded picture data so as to specify a piece of the codedpicture data stored in a first access unit that is located at a head ofthe random access unit; a first obtainment unit operable to obtain, fromthe first access unit, sequence parameter set information that is aparameter group referenced for decoding all the pieces of the codedpicture data; a second obtainment unit operable to obtain pictureparameter set information that is a parameter group referenced fordecoding a piece of the coded picture data to be decoded, from the firstaccess unit or an access unit in which the piece of the coded picturedata to be decoded is stored; and a decoding unit operable to decode thepiece of the coded picture data to be decoded by referring to thesequence parameter set information and the picture parameter setinformation.

For example, the picture parameter set information (PPS) necessary fordecoding each piece of the coded picture data is stored in a firstaccess unit (AU) of the random access unit or in an access unit in whichthe coded picture data referring to the piece of the picture parameterset information is stored. Accordingly, even in the case where thetrick-play is performed as a part of the pieces of the coded picturedata in the random access unit is decoded and played back, a piece ofthe picture parameter set information of a piece of the coded picturedata to be decoded, that is at least a piece of the coded picture datastored in the first access unit, is obtained from the first access unitor from the access unit in which the piece of the coded picture data tobe decoded is stored. Therefore, the piece of the picture parameter setinformation necessary for decoding the piece of the coded picture datacan be appropriately and promptly obtained without failing to do so. Asthe result, the trick-play can be smoothly performed.

Furthermore, in order to achieve the above objective, the picture codingmethod according to the present invention is a picture coding method forcoding moving pictures on a picture-by-picture basis, said methodcomprising: generating pixel coded data by coding pixels of a picture sothat a random access unit having one or more pictures includes a pictureto be decoded at the time of trick-play such as high-speed playback anda reverse playback and a picture to be decoded only at the time ofnormal playback that all pictures are decoded and displayed; generatingpixel coded data by coding the pixels of the picture; generatingsequence initialization information that is valid for all pictures thatconstitutes the random access unit out of the initialization informationreferenced when the picture is decoded; generating pictureinitialization information that can be set for each picture in therandom access unit out of the initialization information referenced whenthe picture is decoded; storing the coded data of the generated pixel,the sequence information or the picture initialization informationrespectively into different sub-picture units; and generating a pictureaccess unit which inevitably includes the sub-picture unit of thegenerated coded data and selectively includes the sub-picture unit ofthe sequence initialization information or the picture initializationinformation, wherein in said generating of the picture access unit,stores the sub-picture unit of the picture initialization information sothat the picture initialization information of the picture to be decodedat the time of trick-play can be obtained from the picture access unitin which a picture preceding to the same picture access unit or therandom access unit in decoding order and decoded at the time of thetrick-play.

Further, the picture to be decoded at the time of the trick-play may bea picture coded by an intra picture prediction or a uni-prediction.

Further, the picture to be decoded at the time of the trick-play may bea picture that is not referenced by other pictures, out of the picturecoded by the intra prediction and the uni-prediction or the picturecoded by a bi-prediction.

Furthermore, in said generating of the picture access unit, for allpictures to be decoded at the time of trick-play, the sub-picture unitincluding the picture initialization information referenced for decodinga picture may be stored in a picture access unit.

In addition, a first picture access unit in the random access unit mayinclude the sub-picture unit in which the sequence initializationinformation is stored, the sequence initialization information beingreferenced when the all pictures in the random access unit are decoded.

Further, in order to achieve the above objective, a picture decodingmethod according to the present invention is a picture decoding methodfor decoding the coded data coded by the picture coding method, saiddecoding method comprising: determining a picture to be decoded;obtaining the sequence initialization information and the pictureinitialization information from a picture access unit of the determinedpicture; and decoding the coded data stored in the sub-picture accessunit by referring the obtained sequence initialization information andthe picture initialization information, wherein said determiningincluding determining to all pictures at the time of normal playback,and selecting a picture necessary to be decoded at the time oftrick-play.

Furthermore, in order to achieve the above objective, a multiplexingmethod according to the present invention is a multiplexing method formultiplexing a coded stream and management information of the codedstream and recording the multiplexed result, said multiplexing methodcomprising: coding a moving picture and generating a coded stream;packetizing the coded stream; generating access information necessaryfor separating picture data from the packet coded stream; multiplexingmanagement information including the access information with the packetcoded stream; and recording the multiplexed data, wherein in saidcoding, the coded stream is generated by the above-mentioned picturecoding method.

Further, in order to achieve the above objective, a program according tothe present invention is a program for causing a computer to execute thepicture coding method, said program comprising: coding moving pictureson a picture-by-picture basis, said method comprising: generating pixelcoded data by coding a pixels of a picture so that a random access unithaving one or more pictures includes a picture to be decoded at the timeof trick-play such as high-speed playback and a reverse playback and apicture to be decoded only at the time of normal playback that allpictures are decoded and displayed; generating pixel coded data bycoding the pixels of the picture; generating sequence initializationinformation that is valid for all pictures that constitutes the randomaccess unit out of the initialization information referenced when thepicture is decoded; generating picture initialization information thatcan be set for each picture in the random access unit out of theinitialization information referenced when the picture is decoded;storing the coded data of the generated pixel, the sequence informationor the picture initialization information respectively into differentsub-picture units; and generating a picture access unit which inevitablyincludes the sub-picture unit of the generated coded data andselectively includes the sub-picture unit of the sequence initializationinformation or the picture initialization information, wherein in saidgenerating of the picture access unit, stores the sub-picture unit ofthe picture initialization information so that the pictureinitialization information of the picture to be decoded at the time oftrick-play can be obtained from the picture access unit in which apicture preceding to the same picture access unit or the random accessunit in decoding order and decoded at the time of the trick-play.

Further, in order to achieve the above objective, a program according tothe present invention is a program for executing a computer to performthe picture decoding method, said program causing a computer to decodethe coded data coded by the picture coding method, said programcomprising: determining a picture to be decoded; obtaining the sequenceinitialization information and the picture initialization informationfrom a picture access unit of the determined picture; and decoding thecoded data stored in the sub-picture access unit by referring to theobtained sequence initialization information and picture initializationinformation, wherein in said determining including determining to decodeall pictures at the time of normal playback and selecting picturesnecessary to be decoded when trick-play is performed.

As described in the above, in a random access unit RAU in a stream, anAU to be decoded at the time of variable speed playback is only selectedand the AU can be decoded by appropriately obtaining picture parameterset information necessary for decoding the AU. Accordingly, the presentinvention can easily realize an excellent picture coding apparatus andpicture decoding apparatus corresponding to the variable speed playbackso that its practical value is high.

It should be noted that the present invention can be realized not onlyas the picture coding apparatus, the picture decoding apparatus and theprograms thereof, but also as a recording medium in which the program isstored, and a stream generated by the picture coding apparatus.

As further information about technical background to this application,the disclosure of Japanese Patent Application No. 2004-165006 filed onJun. 2, 2004 including specification, drawings and claims isincorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

These and other objects, advantages and features of the invention willbecome apparent from the following description thereof taken inconjunction with the accompanying drawings that illustrate a specificembodiment of the invention. In the Drawings:

FIG. 1 shows a stream structure of MPEG-2.

FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B show a GOP structure of MPEG-2.

FIG. 3 shows a stream structure of MPEG-4 AVC.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing a structure of a conventional picturecoding apparatus.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart showing an operation of the conventional picturecoding apparatus.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram showing a structure of the conventionalpicture decoding apparatus.

FIG. 7A and FIG. 7B are illustrations explaining a problem of theconventional picture coding apparatus.

FIG. 8 is a block diagram showing a picture coding apparatus accordingto a first embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 9 is a flowchart showing an operation of the picture codingapparatus according to the first embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 10 is a first flowchart showing an operation of determining anarrangement of a PPS in the picture coding apparatus according to thefirst embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 11A, FIG. 11B and FIG. 11C show a first structural example of anoutput stream of the picture coding apparatus according to the firstembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 12 is a second flowchart showing an operation of determining anarrangement of the PPS in the picture coding apparatus according to thefirst embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 13A and FIG. 13B show a first structural example of the outputstream of the picture coding apparatus according to the first embodimentof the present invention.

FIG. 14 is a flowchart showing an operation of the picture codingapparatus according to the first embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 15 is a block diagram showing a picture decoding apparatusaccording to a second embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 16 is a flowchart showing an operation of the picture decodingapparatus according to the second embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 17 is a block diagram showing a multiplexer according to a thirdembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 18 is a diagram showing data hierarchy of HD-DVD.

FIG. 19 is a diagram showing a structure of logical space on the HD-DVD.

FIG. 20 is a diagram showing structure of a VOB information file.

FIG. 21 is an illustration explaining a time map.

FIG. 22 is a diagram showing a play list file.

FIG. 23 is a diagram showing a structure of a program file correspondingto the play list.

FIG. 24 is a diagram showing a structure of a BD disc total databaseinformation file.

FIG. 25 is a diagram showing a structure of a file for recording globalevent handler.

FIG. 26 is a schematic block diagram showing a HD-DVD player.

FIG. 27A, FIG. 27B and FIG. 27C respectively show recording media inwhich a program for realizing a picture coding method and a picturedecoding method of the present invention.

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

Hereafter, it is explained about embodiments of the present inventionwith references to drawings.

First Embodiment

FIG. 8 is a block diagram showing a picture coding apparatus whichrealizes a picture coding method of the present invention.

In the diagram, same numbers are assigned to constituents performingsame operation as constituents in the picture coding apparatus whichrealizes the conventional coding method shown in FIG. 4, and thedetailed explanations about same constituents are omitted here.

The difference of the present invention with the conventional picturecoding apparatus is that NAL units of PPS are arranged so as to be ableto obtain a PPS necessary for decoding an AU by selecting the AU to bedecoded at the time of trick-play such as various-speed playback andreverse playback. Hereafter, an AU to be decoded at the time oftrick-play is called as a trick-play AU. At the time of trick-play,decoding results of all trick-play AUs may be displayed or one or moretrick-play AUs may be selected for display.

The trick-play AU indicates, for example, an AU of an I picture and Ppicture. Here, if setting a restriction such as that the AU of the Ppicture does not refer to the AU of the B picture, only the trick-playAU can be decoded at the time of trick-play. Further, distinguishing theB picture to be referenced by other AUs from the B picture not to bereferenced, the AUs of the B pictures which is referenced by otherpictures, I picture, and P picture can be trick-play AUs.

The picture coding apparatus 10 includes a PPS arrangement determinationunit 15 in addition to the constituents in the conventional picturecoding apparatus. The PPS arrangement determination unit 15 judgeswhether or not to store the PPS into an AU based on a value of a new PPSflag fig, PPS information PPSout, and trick-play AU information trkindicating whether or not the AU which has been generated is atrick-play AU. The PPS arrangement determination unit 15 sets a PPSgeneration flag mk to 1 when it is judged that the PPS is to be stored,while it sets the flag to 0 when it is judged that the PPS is not to bestored, and outputs the PPS generation flag mk to a PPS generation unit16. Here, when the PPS generation flag mk is set to 1, the PPSarrangement determination unit 15 outputs the PPS generation flag mktogether with PPS information PPSmk for generating a PPS, to the PPSgeneration unit 16. The PPS generation unit 16 generates a NAL unit ofthe PPS based on the PPS information PPSmk when the PPS generation flagmk is set to 1. Here, the trick-play AU information trk is separatelyobtained from a unit which is not shown in the diagram, or from a slicecoding unit 11.

FIG. 9 is a flowchart showing a procedure of the picture coding methodof the present invention.

In the flowchart, same marks are assigned to the steps same as in theconventional coding method shown in FIG. 5, and the explanations aboutthe same steps are omitted here. In step S104, the picture codingapparatus 10 judges whether or not to store the PPS into the AU so as tobe able to obtain the PPS necessary for decoding the trick-play AU fromthe trick-play AU, based on the judgement result obtained in step S103and information indicating whether the AU which is in generation, andthe procedure moves on to step 105. When it is judged that to store PPS(Yes in step S105), the procedure moves on to step S106 and the picturecoding apparatus 10 generates a PPS. After that, the procedure moves onto step S107 and the picture coding apparatus 10 generates data for oneAU.

On the other hand, when it is judged not to store PPS (No in step S105),the procedure moves directly on step S107.

In step S107, when it is judged to store PPS in step S105, the picturecoding apparatus 10 includes the PPS generated in step S106 in the AU soas to generate data for one AU, and outputs the generated data. Itshould be noted that when the PPS which has been stored in an AU that isnot a trick-play AU is stored again in the trick-play AU, the picturecoding apparatus 10 may stores the held PPS in step S107 withoutgenerating a PPS again in step S106.

Further, a trick-play AU may be determined in accordance with a codingtype as, for example, determining I pictures and P pictures aretrick-play pictures, and may be determined dynamically in accordancewith a predictive structure among pictures.

FIG. 10 is a flowchart showing in detail about processing in step S104.

Here, an initial value of a PPS generation fig mk is presumed to be 0.In step 5201, the picture coding apparatus 10 judges whether or not thenew PPS flag fig set in step S103 is 1 (whether or not the PPS is new).The picture coding apparatus 10 moves on to step S204 when the new PPSflag fig is 1, and moves on to step S202 when the new PPS flag flg is 0.In step S202, the picture coding apparatus 10 judges whether or not theAU which is in generation is a trick-play AU based on the trick-playinformation trk, moves on to step S203 when the AU is the trick-play AU,and moves on to step S105 in FIG. 9 when the AU is not the trick-playAU.

In step S203, the picture coding apparatus 10 judges whether or not thePPS is stored in a trick-play AU which is preceding to the mentionedtrick-play AU in decoding order in a same random access unit RAU. If thePPS has already been stored, the processing is terminated. While, if thePPS has not been stored, the picture coding apparatus 10 moves on tostep S204. In step S204, the picture coding apparatus 10 sets a PPSgeneration fig mk to 1, and moves on to step S105 in FIG. 9.

It should be noted that there are two methods of updating a PPS: amethod of newly generating a PPS which has a different ID number that isan identifier of a PPS; and a method of overwriting a PPS which has asame ID number. When the PPS having the same ID number is written overthe PPS, the pre-overwritten PPS is invalidated. Accordingly, in thejudgement processing in steps S103 and S104, it is necessary to comparenot only the ID numbers of the PPS but also information indicated by thePPS themselves. However, when it is prohibited to overwrite a PPS with asame ID number under operation standard and the like, the PPS may beidentified by the ID number.

FIGS. 11A, 11B and 11C are drawings showing an example of a structure ofa random access unit RAU in a stream generated by the picture codingmethod of the present invention.

As shown in FIG. 11A, the random access unit RAU is made up of fifteenAUs from AU1 to AU15 according to the decoding order. Further, five AUsof AU1, AU4, AU7, AU10 and Au13 are presumed to be trick-play AUs. Here,AU1, AU4, AU7, AU10 and AU13 respectively refer to, as PPS, PPS#1,PPS#3, PPS#2, PPS#3, and PPS#1. Furthermore, AU6 refers to PPS#2 and isa first AU which holds PPS#2 in the random access unit RAU. Also, AU2and AU3 refer to PPS#1 and AU5 refers to PPS#3.

FIG. 11B shows NAL units of PPS held in respective AUs. In the randomaccess unit RAU, PPS#1 is referenced first in AU1, and PPS#3 isreferenced first in AU4. Accordingly, PPS#1 and PPS#3 are respectivelystored in AU1 and AU4. Next, while PPS#2 is stored in AU6, AU7 is thefirst trick-play AU which refers to PPS#2. Therefore, PPS#2 is alsostored in AU7. AU10 and AU13 respectively refer to PPS#3 and PPS#1.However, they are not stored in AU10 and AU13 since they have alreadybeen stored in AU4 and AU1 that are trick-play AUs.

It should be noted that in the trick-play AU, the PPS referenced by thecurrent AU may be stored definitely in the AU itself.

FIG. 11C shows an example of PPS storage when the PPS referenced by thetrick-play AU is stored definitely in the trick-play AU itself. As shownin FIG. 11C, PPS#3 and PPS#1 respectively referenced by AU10 and AU13have already been stored in AU4 and AU1 that are trick-play AUs.However, they are stored again in AU10 and AU13.

It should be noted that multiple NAL units of PPS can be stored in oneAU. Therefore, in the first-AU of the random access unit RAU, all PPSnecessary for decoding AUs in the random access unit RAU may be stored,or all PPS necessary for decoding trick-play AUs may be stored.

Further, one or more PPS that are frequently used may be stored in afirst AU of the random access unit RAU as a default PPS, while a PPS maybe stored in a picture each time when a PPS that is different from thedefault PPS is referenced in the front AU or in the AU following thefront AU. The default PPS can be prepared, for example, in accordancewith a coding type of an I picture, a P picture, a B picture to bereferenced, or a B picture that is not referenced.

In addition, the PPS necessary for decoding trick-play AUs may be storedboth in the first AU of the random access unit RAU and each trick-playAU.

It should be noted that the AUs other than trick-play AUs may definitelyhold the PPS referenced by said AUs.

Note that, in a trick play AU, a PPS necessary for decoding AUs otherthan trick-play AUs that follow said trick-play AU in decoding order inthe random access unit may be stored. For example, PPS necessary fordecoding all AUs other than trick-play AUs are stored in a first AU ofthe random access unit RAU. Accordingly, when trick-play is reset toordinary playback such as when AUs of I pictures and P pictures are onlydecoded and displayed for the first portions of AUs in the random accessunit RAU, and all AUs are decoded and displayed for the rest of AUs, PPSnecessary for decoding all AUs after the trick-play are set to ordinaryplayback can be obtained without obtaining PPS stored in the skippedAUs.

Next, information indicated by SPS includes information which can beoverwritten with PPS such as a quantization matrix. For example, in thecase where an AU refers to SPS having an ID number 1 (SPS(1)) and to PPShaving an ID number 2 (PPS(2)), and the PPS(2) overwrites a quantizationmatrix in SPS(1), a quantization matrix shown in PPS(2) is used when theAU is decoded. The SPS referenced by the AU can be switched only in theAUs of IDR pictures. Therefore, when an AU in the random access unit RAUswitches a reference SPS, the first AU of an ordinary random access unitRAU is determined as an AU of the IDR picture. However, if the AU of theIDR picture is used, an AU which follows the AU of the IDR picturecannot refer to an AU which is prior to the IDR picture. Therefore,coding efficiency may be decreased. Here, in SPS, when a parameterupdatable by PPS is only updated among SPS, the SPS is not updated butcan be replaced by updating the PPS.

FIG. 12 is a flowchart showing a process of determining whether or notto update the SPS stored in the first AU of the random access unit RAUfrom the SPS referenced by an AU of an immediately preceding randomaccess unit RAU.

First, in step S301, the picture coding apparatus 10 judges whether ornot the SPS information referenced by the first AU is different from theSPS information referenced by the AU of the immediately preceding randomaccess unit. The picture coding apparatus 10 moves on to step S303 whenit is judged that they are different from one another, while it moves onto step S302 when it is judged that they are the same. Here, the SPSinformation includes both of information that can be set only in the SPSand information that is updatable in the PPS.

In step S302, the picture coding apparatus 10 determines that it isunnecessary to update the SPS and to update information of the SPS bythe PPS.

In step S303, the picture coding apparatus 10 judges whether or not thedifference is only the data updatable by the PPS (referred to asSPSvari). The picture coding apparatus 10 moves on to step S305 when itis judged that the difference is only the SPSvari, while it moves on tostep S304 when it is judged that there are differences other than theSPSvari. In step S304, the picture coding apparatus 10 determines toupdate the SPS and terminates the processing. In step S305, the picturecoding apparatus 10 determines to store the PPS including updateinformation of the SPSvari into an AU without updating the SPS, andterminates the processing.

From the processing result, when it is determined that the SPS is notupdated, the first AU of the random access unit RAU can be an AU of an Ipicture other than an IDR picture instead of an AU of the IDR picture.It should be noted that the above judgement processing is not necessarywhen it is wished to make the first AU of the random access unit RAU asan AU of the IDR picture as in the case of changing a scene.

FIGS. 13A and 13B show an example of a data structure of the randomaccess unit RAU generated by the method shown in FIG. 12.

In FIG. 13A, the difference of SPS data referenced by RAU#1 and RAU#2that are consecutive two random access units RAUs is only SPSvari#1 thatis data updatable by the PPS. Herein, in RAU#2, an AU of an I picturecan be a head AU by including the PPS having data of SPSvari#1 into thefirst AU.

In FIG. 13B, in an AU of RAU#1, the SPSvari#1 is updated by the PPS. Theupdated SPS information is also used in the RAU#2. Herein, the PPSstored in the first AU of RAU#2 also includes the SPSvari#1.

Note that, flag information indicating that it is guaranteed that PPSnecessary for decoding trick-play AUs can be obtained by decoding onlythe trick-play AUs may be indicated in the random access unit RAU. Forexample, the flag information can be stored in a nal_ref_idc field in aheader of a NAL unit such as SPS and PPS, or a NAL unit which definesanother type, a SEI message and the like. Here, the nal_ref_idc field isa 2 bits field that is determined to take a value of 0 or a value of oneor higher for each type of a NAL unit. For example, the NAL unit such asSPS and PPS takes a value of one or higher. Therefore, the flaginformation can be indicated by any one of values that is one or higher.

Also, in the first AU of the random access unit RAU, the flaginformation may be indicated, indicating that all PPS necessary fordecoding AUs in the random access unit RAU are stored.

Note that, while the storage method of PPS is explained in the above,the information may be other than PPS if it is initializationinformation on an access unit basis or information for updatinginitialization information commonly referenced by multiple access units.

Note that, coding method is not limited to MPEG-4 AVC and other methodscan be applicable if initialization information can be updated at thespecified unit.

(Variation)

The picture coding apparatus 10 in the above mentioned embodiment judgeswhether or not a target AU is a trick-play AU, and stores, when it isjudged that the target AU is the trick-play AU, a PPS to be referencedfor decoding the trick-play AU into the trick-play AU or into atrick-play AU which is preceding to said trick-play AU in decodingorder.

A picture coding apparatus according to the variation stores the PPS tobe referenced for decoding a target AU into the first AU of a randomaccess unit RAU or into the AU itself which refers to the PPS, withoutjudging whether or not the target is the trick-play AU.

Here, the first AU of the random access unit RAU is a trick-play AU sothat a PPS can be obtained properly and promptly so as to decode an AU(picture) even at the time of trick-play, if storing the PPS in thefirst AU or in the AU itself that refers to the PPS as described in theabove.

FIG. 14 is a flowchart showing a portion of a process of the picturecoding method according to the variation.

Comparing to the picture coding method shown in FIG. 9, the picturecoding method according to the present variation differs in processes ofsteps S103 and S104. In other words, the picture coding method accordingto the present variation performs processing of steps S1001 and S1002shown in FIG. 14 instead of the processing of steps S103 and S104 shownin FIG. 9.

Specifically, the picture coding apparatus judges whether or not the PPSof the target AU is the PPS which has already been stored in the firstAU of the random access unit RAU (step S1001).

Here, in the case where the picture coding apparatus judges that the PPSis the PPS which has already been stored in the first AU (Yes in stepS1001), it performs processing of step S105 shown in FIG. 9 whilemaintaining a state where the PPS generation flag mk is set to 0.

On the other hand, in the case where the picture coding apparatus judgesthat the PPS is not the PPS which has already been stored in the firstAU (No in step S1001), it sets the PPS generation flag to 1 (stepS1002), and performs processing of step S105 shown in FIG. 9.

It should be noted that, in such picture coding method, it is notnecessity to previously store the multiple PPS in the first AU of therandom access unit RAU.

In the case where the multiple PPS are previously stored, the PPSreferenced by the target AU is compared to the multiple PPS previouslystored in the first AU. Then, if the PPS of the target AU differs fromany of the multiple PPS, the PPS is stored in the target AU itself.

On the other hand, in the case where the multiple PPS are not previouslystored, a PPS referenced by the first AU is stored in the first AU.Similarly for each of other AUs, a PPS referenced by an AU is stored inthe AU. It is also possible to store the PPS into each AU other than thefirst AU if the PPS referenced by the AU is different from the onestored in the first AU.

Further, all PPS to be referenced for decoding respective AUs includedin the random access unit RAU may be stored in the first AU of therandom access unit RAU. In such case, for example, the picture codingapparatus stores all PPS into the first AU after coding all pictures tobe included in the random access unit RAU or determining the coding typeof all the pictures in the random access unit RAU. It should be noted,that while multiple PPS can be stored in the first AU, the processingload at the time of decoding increases as the number of PPS stored atonce in the first AU increases. Accordingly, the maximum number of PPSthat can be stored in the first AU at once may be determined. Themaximum number can be determined based on the maximum number of picturesthat make up a random access unit RAU or considering the processingload. For example, if the maximum number of frames that can be stored inthe random access unit RAU is 15, the maximum number of PPS can bedetermined as 15. Herein, the PPS which cannot be stored in the first AUdue to the upper limit is stored in an AU which refers to the PPS.

Furthermore, according to the present method, the number of PPS to bestored in an AU following to the first Au in the random access unit RAUcan be set to 0 or 1 so that the PPS can be efficiently stored.

Thus, in the present variation, in the generated random access unit RAU,PPS necessary for decoding each AU is stored in the first AU of therandom access unit RAU or in the AU itself. Therefore, even in the casewhere trick-play of selecting and playing back at least the head AU fromamong all AUs included in such random access unit, the selected AU canbe decoded by obtaining it properly and promptly without failing toobtain the PPS necessary for decoding the selected AU. Consequently, thetrick-play can be smoothly performed.

Second Embodiment

FIG. 15 is a block diagram showing a picture decoding apparatus whichrealizes a picture decoding method of the present invention.

In the diagram, same numbers are assigned to constituents which performsame operations as the constituents of the picture decoding apparatuswhich realizes the conventional picture decoding method shown in FIG. 6,and the detailed explanations about the same constituents are omittedhere. The difference of the present picture decoding apparatus with theconventional picture decoding apparatus is to select and decode only thetrick-play AUs at the time of trick-play such as variable-speed playbackand inverse playback.

A picture decoding apparatus 20 of the present invention includes adecoding judgement unit 21 in addition to the constituents of theconventional picture decoding apparatus. A stream of MPEG-4 AVC (AVCstream st) coded by the picture coding apparatus according to the firstembodiment is inputted to the picture decoding apparatus 20.

An AU boundary detection unit 28 detects boundaries of AUs, separatesthe AUs, obtains judgement information lst necessary for judging whetheror not to decode each of the separated AUs, and outputs the obtainedjudgement information lst to the decoding judgment unit 21. At the timeof trick-play, a trick-play command trkply is inputted to the decodingjudgement unit 21.

When the trick-play trkply is inputted, the decoding judgement unit 21judges whether or not the AU is a trick-play AU based on the judgementinformation lst, and outputs a decoding command sw to the AU boundarydetection unit 28 when the AU is the trick-play AU. Note that, at thetime of ordinary playback of decoding and displaying all AUs, thetrick-play trkply is not inputted, and the decoding judgement unit 21outputs the decoding command sw to all AUs.

The AU boundary detection unit 28 receives the decoding command sw, andoutputs information necessary for decoding to each constituent.Specifically, it outputs a NAL unit PPSnal of PPS to a PPS obtainmentunit 23, and outputs other NAL units Dnal to a decoding informationobtainment unit 25 when the NAL unit of PPS is included in the AU. Itshould be noted that, only in the case where the trick-play commandtrkply is inputted to the decoding judgment unit 21, the judgmentinformation lst may be inputted to the decoding judgment unit 21.

FIG. 16 is a flowchart showing an operation of the picture decodingapparatus 20 to decode data for one AU.

First, in step S401, the picture decoding apparatus 20 determineswhether or not to decode an AU. At the time of trick-play, it judgeswhether or not the AU is a trick-play AU, and determines to decode theAU only when the AU is the trick-play AU. Note that, the picturedecoding apparatus 20 judges that the first AU of the random access unitRAU is the trick-play AU definitely at the time of trick-play. At thetime of ordinary playback, it determines to decode all AUs.

In step S402, the picture decoding apparatus 20 moves on to step S402when it is determined to decode the AU in step S401, and terminates theprocessing when it is judged not to decode the AU. In step S403, thepicture decoding apparatus 20 searches a NAL unit of SPS, obtains dataof the SPS in step S404 if the NAL unit of SPS is detected, and moves onto step S405 if the NAL unit of SPS is not detected. In step S405, thepicture decoding apparatus 20 searches a NAL unit of PPS, obtains dataof PPS in step S406 if the NAL unit of PPS is detected, and moves on tostep S407 if the NAL unit of PPS is not detected. In step S407, thepicture decoding apparatus 20 separates NAL units of slice data, anddecodes slice data based on data of SPS and PPS obtained from an AUprior to the present AU or in the random access unit RAU in decodingorder.

Here, in the case of determining the judgment information lst, it may bedetermined from each information in an AVC stream such as a value of aprimary_pic_type indicating a type of a picture in an Access UnitDelimiter, a value of a slice_type indicating a type of a lice in theslice header, or a value of a nal_ref_idc field in the NAL units such asSPS, PPS and slice, or may be determined based on the information whenthe list information of trick-play AU is provided. Also, it may bedetermined from information indicated in database information in amultiplexed format for recording the AVC stream onto a recording mediumsuch as an optical disc.

It should be noted that, in order to deal with an input of the AVCstream st which cannot be guaranteed that the PPS necessary for decodingthe trick-play AUs can be obtained from the trick-play AUs, the picturedecoding apparatus may search, obtain and hold the PPS for AUs otherthan the trick-play AUs. It does not need to analyze, for those AUs, theNAL units of slice data or macroblock data in the slice data.

Third Embodiment

FIG. 17 is a block diagram showing a multiplexer which multiplexes anAVC stream st outputted by the picture coding apparatus of the presentinvention, and records the multiplexed stream onto a recording mediumsuch as an optical disc and a hard disc.

A multiplexer 30 includes a picture coding unit 10, a memory 32, astream analyzing unit 31, a database information generation unit 33, amultiplexing unit 34 and a storage unit 35. Here, the picture codingunit 10 is same as the picture coding apparatus of the present inventionaccording to the first embodiment.

The picture coding unit 10 generates an AVC stream st by compressing andcoding inputted moving picture data Vin, and records the AVC stream intothe memory 32.

The stream analyzing unit 31 reads out AVC stream data outs recorded inthe memory 32, obtains and analyzes decoding and displaying time of AU,information indicating whether or not the AU is the first AU of a randomaccess unit RAU, or information about picture size and video format andthe like, and outputs an analysis result STinf to the databaseinformation generation unit 33.

The database information generation unit 33 generates, based on theanalysis result STinf, database information Db including accessinformation to the AVC stream st, attribute information such as a videoformat and an aspect ratio, and play list information, and outputs thedatabase information Db to the multiplexing unit 34.

The multiplexing unit 34 multiplexes the management information Db withAVC stream data out2 read out from the memory 32, generates multiplexeddata Mux, and outputs the multiplexed data Mux to the storage unit 35.While a multiplexing method is presumed to be a format standardized by aRead Only Format of a Blu-ray Disc (BD) and a Rewritable Format, othermultiplexing methods such as a method defined in DVD or HD-DVD and amethod adherence to MP4 that is a file format standardized for MPEG. Itshould be noted that, in the Read Only Format and the Rewritable Format,the coded stream of the MPEG-4 AVC is packetized into the MPEG-2 andthen multiplexed.

Further, it should be noted that flag information indicating that PPSnecessary for decoding a trick-play AU can be obtained by decoding onlythe trick-play AU is guaranteed may be stored in the databaseinformation of the multiplexed data. Or, the flag information indicatingthat all PPS in the random access unit RAU are stored in the first AU ofthe random access unit RAU may be stored in the database information ofthe multiplexed data.

Fourth Embodiment

A trick-play function is particularly important for an optical discappliance which plays back a packaged media. First, in a Blu-ray Disc(BD) that is a next generation optical disc, it is explained about anexample of recording the multiplexed data Mux of the multiplexingapparatus according to the third embodiment.

First, it is explained about a recording format of a BD-ROM.

FIG. 18 is a diagram showing a structure of a BD-ROM, in particular astructure of a BD disc 104 that is a disc medium and data 101, 102 and103 recorded on the disc. The data to be recorded on the BD disc 104 areAV data 103, BD database information 102 such as database informationrelating to the AV data and AU playback sequence, and a BD playbackprogram 101 for realizing an interactive. In the present embodiment, itis explained about a BD disc mainly for an AV application for playingback AV contents in a movie for the purpose of explanation. However,there is no doubt that it is same even if it is used for other uses.

FIG. 19 is a diagram showing a directory/file structure of logical datarecorded on the BD disc. The BD disc has a recording area in a spiralform from the inner radium toward the outer radius as similar to, forexample, DVD, CD and the like, and has a logical address space in whichlogical data can be recorded between a lead-in of the inner radium and alead-out of the outer radium. Also, there is a special area inside thelead-in which is read only by a drive called a Burst Cutting Area (BCA).This area cannot be read from the application so that it may be used,for example, for a copyright protection technology and the like.

In the logical address space, application data such as video data leadby the final system information (volume) is recorded. As explained inthe conventional technology, the file system is a UDF, an ISO96660 andthe like. It allows reading out logical data stored as in the ordinalpersonal computer PC, using a directory and a file structure.

In the present embodiment, as the directory and file structure on the BDdisc, a BDVIDEO directory is placed immediately under a root directory(ROOT). In this directory, data (101, 102 and 103 explained in FIG. 18)such as AV contents and database information dealt in the BD are stored.

Under the BDVIDEO directory, the following seven types of files arerecorded:

i) BD. INFO (file name fixed)

A file that is one of “BD database information” and informationconcerning the BD disc as a whole is recoded in the file. A BD playerfirstly reads out this file.

ii) BD. PROG (file name fixed)

A file that is one of “BD playback program” and playback controlinformation concerning the BD disc as a whole is recorded in the file.

iii) XXX. PL (“XXX” is variable, an extension “PL” is fixed)

A file that is one of “BD database information” and play listinformation that is a scenario (playback sequence) is recorded in thefile. There is one file for each play list.

iv) XXX. PROG (“XXX” is variable, an extension “PROG” is fixed)

A file that is one of “BD playback program” and playback controlinformation for each play list is recorded in the file. A correspondencewith a play list is identified by a file body name (“XXX” matches).

v) YYY. VOB (“YYY” is variable, an extension “VOB” is fixed)

A file that is one of “AV data” and VOB (same as VOB explained in theconventional example) is recorded in the file. There is one file foreach VOB.

vi) YYY. VOBI (“YYY” is variable, an extension “VOBI” is fixed)

A file that is one of “BD database information” and stream databaseinformation concerning VOB that is AV data is recorded in the file. Acorrespondence with a VOB is identified by a file body name (“YYY”matches).

vii) ZZZ. PNG (“ZZZ” is variable, an extension “PNG” is fixed)

A file that is one of “AV data” and image data PNG (a picture formatstandardized by W3C, and pronounced as “ping”) for structuring subtitlesand a menu in the file. There is one file for each PNG image.

With references to FIGS. 20 to 25, it is explained about a structure ofnavigation data of BD (BD database information).

FIG. 20 is a diagram showing an internal structure of a VOB databaseinformation file (“YYY. VOBI”).

The VOB database information has stream attribute information(Attribute) of said VOB and a time map (TMAP). There is a streamattribute for each of video attribute (Video) and audio attribute(Audio#01 to Audio#m). In particular, in the case of the audio stream,since the VOB can have audio streams at the same time, the number ofaudio streams (Number) indicates whether there is a data field or not.

The followings indicate fields of video attribute (Video) and valuesthereof.

Compression method (Coding):

-   -   MPEG1    -   MPEG2    -   MPEG3    -   MPEG4 (Advanced Video Coding)

Resolution:

-   -   1920×1080    -   1440×1080    -   1280×720    -   720×480    -   720×565

Aspect Rate

-   -   4:3    -   16:9

Framerate

-   -   60    -   59.94 (60/1.001)    -   50    -   30    -   29.97 (30/1.001)    -   25    -   24    -   23.976 (24/1.001)

The followings are fields of the audio attribute (Audio) and valuesthereof.

Compression method (Coding):

-   -   AC3    -   MPEG1    -   MPEG2    -   LPCM    -   The number of channels (Ch):    -   1 to 8    -   Language Attribute (Language)

A time map (TMAP) is a table having information for each VOBU. The tableincludes the number of VOBU (Number) held by said VOB and each VOBUinformation (VOBU#1 to VOBU#n). Each of the VOBU information is made upof an address I_start of an address of a VOBU leading TS packet (Ipicture start), an offset address (I#end) until the end address of the Ipicture, and a playback start time (PTS) of the I picture.

FIG. 21 is a diagram explaining details of the VOBU information.

As widely known, there is a case that MPEG video stream is compressedinto variable bit rate in order to recording in high picture quality,and there is no simple correspondence between the playback time and thedata size. In contrary, an AC3 that is a compression standard of audiocompresses audio in a fixed bit rate. Therefore, a relationship betweena time and an address can be obtained by a primary expression. However,in the case of a MPEG video data, each frame has a fixed display time,for example, in the case of NTSC, one frame has a display time of1/29.97 seconds. However, data size of each compressed frame largelychanges depending on a characteristic of a picture and a picture typeused for compression, specifically I/P/B pictures. Therefore, in thecase of MPEG video, a relationship between time and address cannot bedescribed in a primary expression.

As a matter of fact, it is impossible to describe a MPEG system streamwhich is obtained by multiplexing the MPEG video data in a form of aprimary expression. Specifically, VOB also cannot describe time and datasize in a primary expression. Therefore, a time map (TMAP) is used forconnecting a relationship between time and address in the VOB.

Therefore, when time information is given, first, it is searched inwhich VOBU the time belongs (tracks PTS for each VOBU), skips the PTSimmediately before said time to a VOBU having a TMAP (address specifiedby I_start), starts decoding pictures from a leading I picture in theVOBU, and starts displaying pictures from a picture of said time.

Next, with reference to FIG. 22, it is explained about an internalstructure of play list information (“XXX.PL”).

The play list information is made up of a cell list (CellList) and anevent list (EventList).

The cell list (CellList) is a playback sequence in a play list, and thecell is played back in an order of description on the list. The contentsof the cell list (CellList) include the number of cells (Number) andeach pieces of cell information (Cell#1 to Cell#n).

The cell information (Cell#) includes a VOB file name (VOBName), a starttime (In) and end time (Out) in the VOB, and a subtitle table. The starttime (In) and end time (Out) are described by frame numbers in each VOB,and an address of the VOB data necessary for playback can be obtained byusing the time map (TMAP).

The subtitle table is a table having subtitle information to be playedback at the same time with the VOB. The subtitle can have a plurality oflanguages similar to audio, and first information of the subtitle tableis made up of a number of languages (Number) and the following table foreach language (Language#1 to Language#k).

Each language table (Language#) is made up of language information(Lang), the number of subtitle information (Number) which is separatelydisplayed, and subtitle information of the subtitle (Speech#1 toSpeech#j). The subtitle information (Speech#) is made up of acorresponding image data file name (Name), a subtitle display start time(In), subtitle display end time (Out), and a display position of thesubtitle (Position).

The event list (EventList) is a table in which events generated in theplay list are defined. The event list is made up of each event (Event#1to Event#m) following to the number of events (Number). Each event(Event#) is made up of a type of event (Type), an event ID (ID), anevent generation time (Time) and a duration.

FIG. 23 is an event handler table (“XXX.PROG”) having an event handler(time event and user event for menu selection) for each play list.

The event hander table has a defined event handler/the number ofprograms (Number) and individual event handler/program (Program#1 toProgram#n). The description in each event handler/program (Program#) hasa definition about event handler start (<event_handler>tag) an ID of anevent handler paired with the event. After that, the program isdescribed between curly brackets “{” and “}” following to a Function.The events (Event#1 to Event#m) stored in an event list of the “XXX.PL”is specified using an ID of an event handler.

Next, with reference to FIG. 24, it is explained about an internalstructure of information concerning a BD disc as a whole (“BD.INFO”).

The BD disc total information is made up of a title list and an eventtable for a global event.

The title list is made up of a number of titles in a disc (Number) andthe following each title information (Title#1 to Title#n). Each titleinformation (Title#) includes a play list table (PLTable) included in atitle and a chapter list in the title. The play list table (PLTable)includes the number of play lists in the title (Number) and a play listname (Name), specifically, a file name of the play list.

The chapter list is made up of a number of chapters (Number) included inthe title and individual chapter information (Chapter#1 to Chapter#n).Each pieces of the chapter information (Chapter#) has a table of cellsincluded in the chapter. The cell table is made up of a number of cells(Number) and individual cell entry information (CellEntry#1 toCellEntry#k). The cell entry information (CellEntry#) is described witha play list name including the cell and a cell number in the play list.

The event list (EventList) has a number of global events (Number) andindividual global event information. Here, it should be mentioned that aglobal event defined first is called a first event, which is an event tobe called first when a BD disc is inserted to a player. The eventinformation for global event only has an event type (Type) and event ID(ID).

FIG. 25 shows a table of a program of a global event handler (“BD.PROG”). This table is same as the event handler table explained in FIG.23.

In such BD-ROM format, in the case of storing the AVC stream stoutputted from picture coding unit 10, the VOBU is made up of one ormore random access units RAU.

It should be noted that in a stream of the MPEG-4 AVC which ismultiplexed into the BD-ROM, the flag information indicating that a PPSnecessary for decoding a trick-play AU can be obtained by decoding onlythe trick-play AU is guaranteed or the flag information indicating thatall PPS in the random access unit RAU are stored in the head AU of therandom access unit RAU may be stored in the BD database information.

It should be noted that the access information such as an EP map may bestored in a table as binary data or it may be in a text format such asan Extensible Markup Language (XML).

Fifth Embodiment

FIG. 26 is a block diagram roughly showing a functional structure of aplayer which plays back data recorded on the BD disc according to thefourth embodiment.

The data recorded on a BD disc 201 are read out through optical pickup202. The read data is transferred to a special memory depending onrespective type of data. The BD playback program (contents of “BD. PROG”or “XXX.PROG” files), the BD database information (“BD.INFO”, “XXX.PL”or “YYY.VOBI”), and the AV data (“YYY.VOB” or “ZZZ.PNG”) arerespectively transferred to a program recording memory 203, a databaseinformation recording memory 204 and an AV recording memory 205.

The BD playback program recorded in the program recording memory 203,the BD database information recorded in the database informationrecording memory 204, and the AV data recorded in the AV recordingmemory 205 are respectively processed by a program processing unit 206,a database information processing unit 207, and a presentationprocessing unit 208.

The program processing unit 206 processes a program for receivinginformation about play lists to be played back by the databaseinformation processing unit 207 and event information such as timing ofexecuting a program. Also, the program can dynamically change the playlists to be played back. In this case, it can be realized by sending aninstruction of playing back play list to the database informationprocessing unit 207. The program processing unit 206 receives an eventfrom a user, specifically, a request sent from a remote controller key,and executes the event if there is a program corresponding to the userevent.

The database information processing unit 207 receives an instruction ofthe program processing unit 206, analyzes the corresponding play listand database information of a VOB corresponding to the play list, andinstructs to play back target AV data to the presentation processingunit 208. Further, the database information processing unit 207 receivesstandard time information from the presentation processing unit 208,instructs the presentation processing unit 208 to stop the AV dataplayback based on the time information, and further generates an eventindicating a program executing timing for the program processing unit206.

The presentation processing unit 208 has decoders respectivelycorresponding to video, audio, and subtitle/image (still picture). Eachof the decoders decodes AV data based on an instruction sent from thedatabase information processing unit 207, and outputs the decoded AVdata. The video data, subtitle and image are respectively described on aspecial plane, a video plane 210 and an image plane 209 after they aredecoded, and synthesized the images by the synthesizing unit 211 andoutputted to a display device such as a television.

At the time of trick-play such as variable-speed playback and reverseplayback, the presentation processing unit 208 interprets thevariable-speed playback or reverse playback operations requested by auser, and notifies the database information processing unit 207 ofinformation indicating a method of playback. The database informationprocessing unit 207 notifies the playback method of the presentationprocessing unit 208. The presentation processing unit 208 detectstrick-play AUs based on the information for specifying the trick-playAUs stored in the VOBU, and determines AUs to be decoded and displayedso as to satisfy the trick-play operations specified by the user. Forexample, when only AUs of I pictures and P pictures are decoded anddisplayed, the presentation processing unit 208 detects AUs of Ipictures and P pictures based on the Access Unit Delimiter, sliceheader, and identification information included in a header of a NALunit and the like. Hereafter, an example of a method of determiningtrick-play AUs is explained.

First, it is explained about a method of determining trick-play AU byreferring to an Access Unit Delimiter is explained. The Access UnitDelimiter can show a type (primary_pic_type field) of slice data whichconstitutes an AU. Accordingly, for respective AU of I picture, Ppicture or B picture, an AU to be decoded at the time of trick-play canbe determined by specifying respective types of the AUs.

Next, in the slice header, a type of slice data (slice_type field) canbe shown. Here, a value indicating that all slice data in the AU aresame types can be set in the slice_type. For example, if the slice_typeis 7 in arbitral one slice data which constitutes an AU, it is shownthat said slice and other slices in the AU are all I slices. Similarly,the values are defined to indicate: if the slice_type is 5, it is shownthat all slices in the AU are P slices; and if the slice_type is 6, itis shown that all slices in the AU are B slices. Supposing that onlyslices having any one of the slice_type of 5, 6 and 7 are used at thetime of coding, the AU to be decoded at the time of trick-play isdetermined by analyzing the slice type of the first slice of the AU. Itshould be noted that even if the slice_type is other than 5, 6 and 7,the AU to be decoded at the time of trick-play can be determined byanalyzing the slice_type of all slices in the AU.

Next, when a determination is made based on a header of a NAL unit, anAU to be decoded at the time of trick-play can be determined by settingdifferent field values for I picture, P picture and B picture as a valueof a nal_ref_idc field in the NAL unit such as slices.

Further, when the NAL unit indicating information for trick-play and aSEI message are included in the random access unit RAU, the AU to bedecoded at the time of trick-play may be determined based on theinformation.

It should be noted that the database information processing unit 207 candetermine the AU to be decoded and displayed when the information forspecifying the trick-play AU is included in the database information.

Furthermore, a method of obtaining PPS may be switched based on flaginformation in the case where the flag information indicating that thePPS necessary for decoding the trick-play AU can be obtained by decodingonly the trick-play AUs has been stored in the database information orin the VOBU. Herein, if the flag has been set, the PPS is obtained onlyfrom the trick-play AUs, while if the flag has not been set, the PPSstored in the AUs other than the trick-play AUs are also obtained.

Note that, in the above mentioned embodiments, the coding method is notonly limited to the MPEG-4 AVC, and other methods can be applied unlessthey are coding methods applicable to similar processing.

Furthermore, the access information such as an EP map may be stored in atable as binary data or may be in a text format such as an ExtensibleMarkup Language (XML).

Sixth Embodiment

In addition, by recording a program for realizing the moving picturecoding method and the moving picture decoding method as shown in each ofthe above-mentioned embodiments, onto a recording medium such as aflexible disk, it becomes possible to perform the processing as shown ineach of the above embodiments easily in an independent computer system.

FIGS. 27A, 27B and 27C are explanatory diagrams showing a case where themoving picture coding method and the moving picture decoding method inthe above embodiments are implemented in a computer system using aprogram recorded in the recording medium such as a flexible disc.

FIG. 27B shows the front view of a flexible disk and the schematiccross-section, as well as a flexible disk itself, whereas FIG. 27A showsan example of a physical format of the flexible disk as a recordingmedium itself. A flexible disk FD is contained in a case F, a pluralityof tracks Tr are formed concentrically on the surface of the disk in theradius direction from the periphery, and each track is separated into 16sectors Se in the angular direction. Therefore, in the flexible diskstoring the above-mentioned program, the above program is recorded in anarea allocated for it on the above flexible disk FD. In addition, FIG.27C shows a structure for recording and playing back the program on andfrom the flexible disk FD. When the program is recorded on the flexibledisk FD, the computer system Cs writes in the moving picture codingmethod and the moving picture decoding method as the program on theflexible disk FD via a flexible disk drive. When the above movingpicture coding method and the moving picture decoding method areconstructed in the computer system using the program recorded on theflexible disk, the program is read out from the flexible disk via theflexible disk drive and transferred to the computer system.

Note that the above explanation is made on an assumption that arecording medium is a flexible disk, but the same processing can also beperformed using an optical disk. In addition, the recording medium isnot limited to these, but any other mediums such as an IC card and a ROMcassette can be used in the same manner if a program can be recorded onthem.

In the above, the picture coding apparatus, picture decoding apparatus,multiplexing apparatus, a BD disc player and the like according to thepresent invention are described based on the embodiments. However, thisinvention is not limited to the disclosure of the embodiments. Thepresent invention includes variations came up by those in the artapplied in the present embodiments in a range of the arguments of thepresent invention.

For example, no to mention that the present invention includes anoptical recording apparatus, video transmitting apparatus, digitaltelevision broadcasting transmitting apparatus, web server,communication apparatus, cell phone information terminal and the likethat include one of the picture coding apparatus and the multiplexingapparatus in the present embodiments, and a video receiving apparatus,digital television broadcasting receiving apparatus, communicationapparatus, cell phone information terminal and the like that has thepicture decoding apparatus of the present embodiments.

It should be noted that each of functional blocks in block diagrams(such as FIG. 8 and FIG. 15) is typically realized as a Large ScaleIntegration (LSI) that is an integrated circuit. The functional blocksmay be individually separated into one chip or may be integrated intoone chip so as to include a part or all of the blocks. (e.g. functionalblocks other than a memory may be integrated into one chip.)

Whereas LSI is used in here, it is called as an Integrated Circuit (IC),a system LSI, a super LSI, or an ultra SLI according to a degree ofintegration.

Further, while the method of integrating circuits is not only limited tothe LSI, it may be realized by a special circuit or by a generalprocessor. After constructing the LSI, the followings may be used: aField Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) capable of programming; and areconfigurable processor capable of reconfiguring a connection andsetting of circuit cells in the LSI.

Furthermore, if a technology of integrating circuits is introduced as areplace of the LSI by a new technology or a development of semiconductortechnology, there is no doubt that the functional blocks can beintegrated using the newly introduced technology. There is a possibilityof an application of a biotechnology.

In addition, a unit in which data to be coded or decoded is stored amongfunctional blocks may be separated as another structure without beingintegrated into one chip.

Although only some exemplary embodiments of this invention have beendescribed in detail above, those skilled in the art will readilyappreciate that many modifications are possible in the exemplaryembodiments without materially departing from the novel teachings andadvantages of this invention. Accordingly, all such modifications areintended to be included within the scope of this invention.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

The picture coding method according to the present invention has aneffect that a picture parameter set necessary for decoding isappropriately obtained and a picture can be decoded even at the time oftrick-play such as high-speed playback. It is applicable to appliancesin general having a trick-play function such as variable-speed playbackand reverse playback using a stream of MPEG-4 AVC. Also, it isparticularly effective for optical disc related appliances which focuson the trick-play function.

1. A picture coding apparatus which codes pictures on apicture-by-picture basis, and generates a random access unit as a partof a stream, the random access unit including the coded pictures, saidapparatus comprising: a coding unit operable to generate pieces of codedpicture data by coding the pictures on a picture-by-picture basis; afirst information generation unit operable to generate sequenceparameter set information that is a parameter group to be referenced fordecoding all the pieces of the coded picture data; a second informationgeneration unit operable to generate pieces of picture parameter setinformation, each of which is a parameter group to be referenced fordecoding each piece of the coded picture data; a first storage unitoperable to store the pieces of the coded picture data respectively intoaccess units that constitute the random access unit; a second storageunit operable to store the sequence parameter set information into afirst access unit that is located at a head of the random access unit;and a third storage unit operable to store each piece of the pictureparameter set information into the first access unit of the randomaccess unit or into an access unit in which a piece of the coded picturedata that refers to the piece of the picture parameter set informationis stored.
 2. The picture coding apparatus according to claim 1, whereinsaid third storage unit is operable i) to store the pieces of thepicture parameter set information into the first access unit, and in thecase where a piece of the picture parameter set information that isidentical to one of the pieces of the picture parameter set informationgenerated by the second information generation unit is not stored in thefirst access unit, ii) to store the piece of the picture parameter setinformation into the access unit in which the piece of the coded picturedata that refers to the piece of the picture parameter set informationis stored.
 3. The picture coding apparatus according to claim 1, whereinsaid third storage unit is operable to store, into the first accessunit, the piece of the picture parameter set information referenced fordecoding the piece of the coded picture data stored in the first accessunit.
 4. The picture coding apparatus according to claim 1, wherein saidthird storage unit is operable to store, into the first access unit, allthe pieces of the picture parameter set information, each of which isreferenced for decoding each piece of the coded picture data stored in arespective access unit of the random access unit.
 5. The picture codingapparatus according to claim 1, wherein said third storage unit isoperable to store, into the first access unit, a predetermined number ofpieces of picture parameter set information out of the pieces of thepicture parameter set information generated by said second informationgeneration unit, and to store remaining pieces of the picture parameterset information other than the predetermined number of pieces of thepicture parameter set information into an access unit in which a pieceof the coded picture data which refers to the piece of the pictureparameter set information is stored.
 6. A picture decoding apparatuswhich obtains, from a stream, a random access unit including codedpictures, each of which is stored in a respective access unit as a pieceof coded picture data, and decodes the pieces of the coded picture dataon a picture-by-picture basis, said apparatus comprising: a picturespecification unit operable to specify a part of the pieces of the codedpicture data to be decoded from the pieces of the coded picture data soas to specify a piece of the coded picture data stored in a first accessunit that is located at a head of the random access unit; a firstobtainment unit operable to obtain, from the first access unit, sequenceparameter set information that is a parameter group referenced fordecoding all the pieces of the coded picture data; a second obtainmentunit operable to obtain picture parameter set information that is aparameter group referenced for decoding a piece of the coded picturedata to be decoded, from the first access unit or an access unit inwhich the piece of the coded picture data to be decoded is stored; and adecoding unit operable to decode the piece of the coded picture data tobe decoded by referring to the sequence parameter set information andthe picture parameter set information.
 7. A multiplexing apparatus whichmultiplexes pieces of information and records the multiplexed pieces ofinformation onto a recording medium, said apparatus comprising: thepicture coding apparatus according to claim 1; a packetizing unitoperable to divide a stream including random access units generated bysaid picture coding apparatus into packets; a multiplexing unit operableto generate multiplexed data by multiplexing management information withthe packet stream, the management information being necessary forseparating information for each picture from the packet stream; and arecording unit operable to record the multiplexed data generated by saidmultiplexing unit onto a recording medium.
 8. An integrated circuitwhich codes pieces of pictures and generates a random access unitincluding the pieces of the coded pictures, said integrated circuitcomprising: a coding unit operable to generate pieces of coded picturedata by coding the pictures on a picture-by-picture basis; a firstinformation generation unit operable to generate sequence parameter setinformation that is a parameter group to be referenced for decoding allthe pieces of the coded picture data; a second information generationunit operable to generate pieces of picture parameter set information,each of which is a parameter group to be referenced for decoding eachpiece of the coded picture data; a first storage unit operable to storethe pieces of the coded picture data respectively into access units thatconstitute the random access unit; a second storage unit operable tostore the sequence parameter set information into a first access unitthat is located at a head of the random access unit; and a third storageunit operable to store each piece of the picture parameter setinformation into the first access unit of the random access unit or intoan access unit in which a piece of the coded picture data that refers tothe piece of the picture parameter set information is stored.
 9. Astream which has a random access unit as a part of the stream, therandom access unit including pieces of coded pictures as pieces of codedpicture data, wherein said random access unit including: the pieces ofthe coded picture data stored respectively in access units thatconstitute the random access unit; sequence parameter set informationreferenced for decoding all the pieces of the picture coded data, thesequence parameter set information being stored in a first access unitthat is located at a head of the random access unit; and pieces ofpicture parameter set information, each of which is a parameter group tobe referenced for decoding each piece of the picture coded data, saideach piece of the picture parameter set information is stored in thefirst access unit of the random access unit or in an access unit inwhich a piece of the picture coded data that refers to the piece of thepicture parameter set information is stored.
 10. A picture coding methodfor coding pictures and generating a random access unit as a part of astream, the random access unit including the pieces of the coded picturedata, said method comprising: generating pieces of coded picture data bycoding the pictures on a picture-by-picture basis; generating sequenceparameter set information that is a parameter group to be referenced fordecoding all the pieces of the coded picture data; generating pieces ofpicture parameter set information, each of which is a parameter group tobe referenced for decoding each piece of the coded picture data; storingthe pieces of the coded picture data respectively into access units thatconstitute the random access unit; storing the sequence parameter setinformation into a first access unit that is located at a head of therandom access unit; and storing each piece of the picture parameter setinformation into the first access unit of the random access unit or intoan access unit in which a piece of the coded picture data that refers tothe piece of the picture parameter set information is stored.
 11. Apicture decoding method for obtaining, from a stream, a random accessunit including pieces of coded pictures, each of which is stored in arespective access unit as a piece of the coded picture data, said methodcomprising: specifying a part of the pieces of the coded picture data tobe decoded from the pieces of the coded picture data so as to specify apiece of the coded picture data stored in a first access unit that islocated at a head of the random access unit; obtaining, from the firstaccess unit, sequence parameter set information that is a parametergroup referenced for decoding all the pieces of the coded picture data;obtaining picture parameter set information that is a parameter groupreferenced for decoding a piece of the coded picture data to be decoded,from the first access unit or an access unit in which the piece of thecoded picture data to be decoded is stored; and decoding the piece ofthe coded picture data to be decoded by referring to the sequenceparameter set information and the picture parameter set information. 12.A program for coding pictures on a picture-by-picture basis andgenerating a random access unit as a part of a stream, the random accessunit including the coded pictures, said program causing a computer toexecute: generating pieces of coded picture data by coding the pictureson a picture-by-picture basis; generating sequence parameter setinformation that is a parameter group to be referenced for decoding allthe pieces of the coded picture data; generating pieces of pictureparameter set information, each of which is a parameter group to bereferenced for decoding each piece of the coded picture data; storingthe pieces of the coded picture data respectively into access units thatconstitute the random access unit; storing the sequence parameter setinformation into a first access unit that is located at a head of therandom access unit; and storing each piece of the picture parameter setinformation into the first access unit of the random access unit or intoan access unit in which a piece of the coded picture data that refers tothe piece of the picture parameter set information is stored.
 13. Aprogram for obtaining, from a stream, a random access unit includingpieces of coded pictures, each of which is stored in a respective accessunit as a piece of the coded picture data, said program causing acomputer to execute: specifying a part of the pieces of the codedpicture data to be decoded from the pieces of the coded picture data soas to specify a piece of the coded picture data stored in a first accessunit that is located at a head of the random access unit; obtaining,from the first access unit, sequence parameter set information that is aparameter group referenced for decoding all the pieces of the codedpicture data; obtaining picture parameter set information that is aparameter group referenced for decoding a piece of the coded picturedata to be decoded, from the first access unit or an access unit inwhich the piece of the coded picture data to be decoded is stored; anddecoding the piece of the coded picture data to be decoded by referringto the sequence parameter set information and the picture parameter setinformation.